Fast and free shipping free returns cash on delivery available on eligible purchase. The inconclusive third war between Charles and Francis began with the death of Francesco II Sforza, the duke of Milan. La position de la Provence avec une large façade ouverte sur la mer Méditerranée, au sud, flanquée à l'ouest du Rhône, voie fluviale essentielle pour faire communiquer le nord et le sud de l'Europe, et à l'est par des cols alpins ouverts quasiment toute l'année, expliquent son histoire à travers le temps. French intervention in the US War of Independence was also very expensive. One of the most admired French kings, Henry was fatally stabbed by a Catholic fanatic in 1610 as war with Spain threatened. Les possessions de Philippe III de Bourgogne (1419-1467). Vers 933, sous le règne de Rodolphe II, roi de la Bourgogne transjurane, le royaume de Haute-Bourgogne et le royaume de Provence s'unissent. Only through education at home were knowledgeable women formed, usually to the sole end of dazzling their salons. Each Etsy seller helps contribute to a global marketplace of creative goods. The sons and daughters of the noble and bourgeois elites, however, were given quite distinct educations: boys were sent to upper school, perhaps a university, while their sisters (if they were lucky enough to leave the house) were sent for finishing at a convent. Les nouveaux maîtres de la Cisjurane et de la Provence sont donc sous la coupe des souverains germaniques, puissants protecteurs. However, the death of Pope Julius left the League without effective leadership, and when Louis' successor, Francis I, defeated the Swiss at Marignano in 1515, the League collapsed, and by the treaties of Noyon and Brussels, surrendered to France and Venice the entirety of northern Italy. ", Sylvie Perrier, "La Maratre Dans La France D'ancien Regime: Integration Ou Marginalite?" Discover the unique items that galleriedegravures creates. Italian troops defeated the French at the Battle of Fornovo, forcing Charles to withdraw to France. (Historians speak of the period 1550–1850 as the "Little Ice Age".) Auteurs de l'article « Royaume de Provence » : Division de la Bourgogne lors des partitions successives de l'empire carolingien, « Quand le roi Hugues l’apprit, il lui envoya des députés, et donna à Rodolphe toute la terre qu’il avait tenue en Gaule avant de monter sur le trône, en même temps qu’il recevait de lui le serment qu’il ne rentrerait jamais en Italie », Louis III roi de Provence est rendu aveugle à, Étienne Fournial, « Les origines du comté et les premiers comtes de Forez », « La souveraineté du Lyonnais au, royaume des Deux-Bourgognes ou royaume d'Arles, Le royaume de Provence sous les Carolingiens (855-933? In November 1700, the severely ill Spanish king Charles II died, ending the Habsburg line in that country. The reign (1715–1774) of Louis XV saw an initial return to peace and prosperity under the regency (1715–1723) of Philip II, Duke of Orléans, whose policies were largely continued (1726–1743) by Cardinal Fleury, prime minister in all but name. About this Book. With the Turks now in retreat, the emperor Leopold could turn his attention to France. With the Le Royaume de Provence sous les Carolingiens (855-933?). by Poupardin, René, 1874-1927. Facebook gives people the power to share … Jennifer J. Popiel, "Making Mothers: The Advice Genre and the Domestic Ideal, 1760–1830". By supporting galleriedegravures, you’re supporting a small business, and, in turn, Etsy! The Ancien Régime, the French term rendered in English as "Old Rule", "Old Kingdom", or simply "Old Regime", refers primarily to the aristocratic, social and political system established in France from (roughly) the 15th century to the 18th century under the late Valois and Bourbon dynasties. These centuries saw several periods of epidemics and crop failures due to wars and climatic change. (1901) by René Poupardin (2014, Hardcover) at the best online prices at eBay! In the Enlightenment, the writings of philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau gave a political program for reform of the Ancien Régime, founded on a reform of domestic mores. England's entry into the war later that year led to the French capture of Calais, England's last possession on the French mainland, and French armies plundered Spanish possessions in the Low Countries; but Henry was nonetheless forced to accept the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis, in which he renounced any further claims to Italy. Au contraire, l'intervention d'Otton Ier († 973) contre Hugues d'Arles qui tentait un dernier retour à la mort de Rodolphe II en 937 en épousant la veuve de ce dernier, Berthe de Souabe, permit finalement au jeune Conrad III Welf le Pacifique († 993), fils de Rodolphe II et de Berthe, d'accéder au domaine cisjuran-provençal après son père. Les terres cisjuranes (duché de Lyon) et ouest-rhodaniennes sont en fait repassées sous la souveraineté française ; l'empereur Charles le Gros, aussi roi de France, d'Italie, d'Alémanie et de Germanie, cousin germain de Charles le Chauve et de Louis II d'Italie, les a dans son obédience, avec la Provence, dans la deuxième moitié des années 880. Only the Duchy of Savoy, the city of Nice and some other small papal (e.g., Avignon) and foreign possessions would be acquired later. Jun 24, 2017 - You searched for: galleriedegravures! France had many small local schools where working-class children—both boys and girls—learned to read, the better "to know, love and serve God". Search. by René Poupardin, 1901, É. Bouillon edition, in French / français Colbert's attempts to promote economic growth and the creation of new industries were not a great success, and France did not undergo any sort of industrial revolution during Louis XIV's reign. Traité de Meerssen (870) : Charles II le Chauve (Francie occidentale) et Louis II le Germanique (Francie orientale) se partagent le royaume de leur neveu Lothaire II : la Lotharingie (Nord de la Francie médiane). A Franco-Ottoman fleet captured the city of Nice in August 1543, and laid siege to the citadel. However, the importance of male remarriage suggests that reconstitution of family units was a necessity and that individuals resisted negative perceptions circulating through their communities. The territory of France during this period increased until it included essentially the extent of the modern country, and it also included the territories of the first French colonial empire overseas. Le Royaume de Provence Sous Les Carolingiens (855-933?) Very few women held any power—some queens did, as did the heads of Catholic convents. The Wars of Religion culminated in the War of the Three Henrys in which Henry III assassinated Henry de Guise, leader of the Spanish-backed Catholic league, and the king was murdered in return. However, the rest of Europe would not stand for his ambitions in Spain, and so the War of the Spanish Succession began, a mere three years after the War of the Grand Alliance.[11]. Before the Renaissance, the language spoken in the north of France was a collection of different dialects called Oïl languages whereas the written and administrative language remained Latin. Henry IV's son Louis XIII and his minister (1624–1642) Cardinal Richelieu, elaborated a policy against Spain and the German emperor during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) which had broken out among the lands of Germany's Holy Roman Empire. In this, he garnered the friendship of the papacy, which had previously been hostile to France because of its policy of putting all church property in the country under the jurisdiction of the state rather than of Rome. Description: reliure demi cuir bois originaux de PAUL JACOB-HIANS. The lives of the children were closely linked to the administration of their heritage: when both their mothers and fathers were dead, another relative took charge of the guardianship and often removed the children from a stepparent's home, thus separating half-siblings. Cardinal Mazarin oversaw the creation of a French navy that rivaled England's, expanding it from 25 ships to almost 200. Rights. The Enlightenment challenged this model, but no real alternative presented itself for female education. Royaume De Provence is on Facebook. Le royaume de Provence sous les Carolingiens (855-933?) The French used would be that of the legal system, which differed from the French spoken in the courts of France before the revolution. The Peace of Etaples (1492) marks, for some, the beginning of the early modern period in France. L'État bourguignon sous le duc Philippe II le Hardi (1363-1403) :- Duché de Bourgogne- Comté de Nevers- Comté de Bourgogne- Comté de Rethel- Comté d'Artois- Comté de Flandre. Henry IV made Paris his primary residence (promoting a major building boom in private mansions), but Louis XIV once again withdrew from the city in the last decades of his reign and Versailles became the primary seat of the French monarchy for much of the following century. Girls were ineligible for leadership positions and were generally considered to have an inferior intellect to their brothers. Published by EDITIONS REIDER 10ème édition, 1933. En février 880, pour lutter plus efficacement contre Boson de Provence qu'ils considèrent comme un séditieux, un usurpateur, Louis III de France et son frère Carloman II accordent, par la signature du traité de Ribemont, la totalité de la Lotharingie à Louis III le Jeune de Germanie contre sa neutralité dans le conflit ; et en juin 880 à Gondreville, ils s'accordent avec le frère benjamin de Louis de Germanie, Charles le Gros, roi d'Alémanie et bientôt empereur. Despite the conclusion of a Concordat between France and the Papacy (1516), granting the crown unrivalled power in senior ecclesiastical appointments, France was deeply affected by the Protestant Reformation's attempt to break the unity of Roman Catholic Europe. Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution. Genre/Form: History: Additional Physical Format: Online version: Poupardin, René, 1874-1927. Le royaume de Bourgogne au début du IXe siècle avant le Traité de Verdun de 843. Brothers and sisters were often separated during the guardianship period and some of them were raised in different places for most of their childhood. [4], In 1445, the first steps were made towards fashioning a regular army out of the poorly disciplined mercenary bands that French kings traditionally relied on. In 1547, Henry II of France, who had succeeded Francis to the throne, declared war against Charles with the intent of recapturing Italy and ensuring French, rather than Habsburg, domination of European affairs. The French, under François, Count d'Enghien, defeated an Imperial army at the Battle of Ceresole in 1544, but the French failed to penetrate further into Lombardy. Anti-establishment ideas fermented in 18th-century France in part due to the country's relative egalitarianism. Half-siblings and stepsiblings lived together for rather short periods of time because of their difference in age, their birth rank, or their gender. After the death of both king and cardinal, the Peace of Westphalia (1648) secured universal acceptance of Germany's political and religious fragmentation, but the Regency of Anne of Austria and her minister Cardinal Mazarin experienced a civil uprising known as the Fronde (1648–1653) which expanded into a Franco-Spanish War (1653–1659). En ancien provençal, le nom est "Reialme de Proensa". Le Royaume de Provence Sous les Carolingiens, 855 933? Royaume de Provence sous les Carolingiens (855-933). A harsh winter that year led to widespread food shortages, and by then France was a powder keg ready to explode. Again a weak ruler, he was married to an Austrian archduchess, Marie Antoinette, whose naïvety and cloistered/alienated Versailles life permitted ignorance of the true extravagance and wasteful use of borrowed money (Marie Antoinette was significantly more frugal than her predecessors). Prior to Louis XIV's reign, French soldiers frequently went into battle barefoot and with no weapons. Les pagi carolingiens en « Bourgogne cisjurane » ou « Bourgogne viennoise » (IXe siècle). À la mort de Louis le Bègue, une assemblée de notables et de prélats réunis à Mantaille élut comme roi le 15 octobre 879 le beau-frère de Charles II le Chauve et le gendre de Louis II d'Italie, Boson, comte d'Autun, de Chalon-sur-Saône, de Mâcon, de Lyon et de Bourges, exerçant les fonctions ducales dans le Lyonnais et le Viennois, en Provence et en Italie. Traité de Ribemont (880) : pour lutter plus efficacement contre Boson de Provence, Louis III de France et Carloman II accordent la totalité de la Lotharingie à Louis III le Jeune contre sa neutralité dans le conflit. La Bourgogne au Xe siècle :- Le royaume de Basse-Bourgogne (en orange)- Le royaume de Haute Bourgogne (en vert)- Le duché de Bourgogne (en marron). Le roi Rodolphe de Transjurane aurait donc obtenu d'Hugues d'Arles la cession de l'ancien royaume de Provence en échange de l'abandon de ses ambitions italiennes. The Truce of Nice ended the war, leaving Turin in French hands but effecting no significant change in the map of Italy. Que cette convention soit une fiction ou pas, qu'elle ait été ou non suivie d'effet immédiat, Rodolphe II puis son fils Conrad le Pacifique obtinrent définitivement de joindre à leurs États la couronne de Provence et de Bourgogne cisjurane grâce au soutien décisif des rois Henri l'Oiseleur puis Otton Ier de Germanie, en 935 et 942. Pour l'améliorer, ajoutez des références vérifiables [comment faire ?] In response, Charles invaded Provence, advancing to Aix-en-Provence, but withdrew to Spain rather than attacking the heavily fortified Avignon. Troubles gradually developed during the regency headed by his queen Marie de Medici. The resistance of peasants to adopt the potato, according to some monarchist apologists, and other new agricultural innovations while continuing to rely on cereal crops led to repeated catastrophic famines long after they had ceased in the rest of Western Europe. The southern half of the country continued to speak Occitan languages (such as Provençal), and other inhabitants spoke Breton, Catalan, Basque, Dutch (West Flemish), and Franco-Provençal. Search for Library Items Search for Lists Search for Contacts Search for a Library. History of France during the early modern era, Antonio Santosuosso, "Anatomy of Defeat in Renaissance Italy: The Battle of Fornovo in 1495,", James B. Collins, "Geographic and Social Mobility in Early-Modern France.". Le Royaume de Provence (ou royaume de Basse-Bourgogne ou Bourgogne Cisjurane) était un État féodal qui a existé au X e siècle. The medieval division of society into "those who fought (nobility), those who prayed (clergy), and those who worked (everyone else)" still held strong and warfare was considered a domain of the nobles. ["The Stepmother in Ancien Régime France: Integration or Marginality? Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Le Royaume de Provence Sous les Carolingiens : Ad 855-933? Droit d'auteur : les textes des articles sont disponibles sous. Condition: bon Soft cover. The king sought to impose total religious uniformity on the country, repealing the Edict of Nantes in 1685. [19], The experience of step-motherhood was surrounded by negative stereotypes; the Cinderella story and many other jokes and stories made the second wife an object of ridicule. Amazon.in - Buy Le Royaume de Provence Sous Les Carolingiens (855-933?) For most of the reign of Louis XIV (1643–1715), France was the dominant power in Europe, aided by the diplomacy of Richelieu's successor (1642–1661) Cardinal Mazarin and the economic policies (1661–1683) of Colbert. The king was relying on the somewhat vague wording in the Treaty of Westphalia, while also dredging up older French claims, some dating back to medieval times. However, the nobility and troops were often disloyal to the king, if not outright rebellious, and it took another army reform by Louis XIV to finally transform the French army into an obedient force. (Classic Reprint) (French Edition) [Poupardin, René] on Amazon.com. A growing urban-based Protestant minority (later dubbed Huguenots) faced ever harsher repression under the rule of Francis I's son King Henry II. [13][14], In the 17th century rich peasants who had ties to the market economy provided much of the capital investment necessary for agricultural growth, and frequently moved from village to village (or town). Les négociations entamées dans le courant de l'année 928 entre Raoul de France (fils du duc de Bourgogne Richard le Justicier — un Bosonide/Bivinide lui aussi, frère cadet du roi Boson qu'il combattit cependant aux côtés des rois de France Louis et Carloman en 880-882 — et donc neveu de Boson et cousin germain de feu Louis l'Aveugle) et Hugues d'Arles (qui tentait alors d'évincer Charles-Constantin), placèrent peut-être Hugues et la Provence dans l'allégeance française mais restèrent sans effet durable : certes Hugues cède le comté de Vienne à un allié de Raoul, Eudes de Vermandois, et la nièce d'Hugues, Berthe, épouse le frère benjamin de Raoul, Boson (d'où la succession d'Arles en 931) ; mais dès 931 Eudes et son père Herbert de Vermandois se brouillent avec le roi Raoul, Eudes perd alors le comté de Vienne, le comte Boson meurt probablement dès 935, Raoul s'allie à Charles-Constantin vers 931, enfin le roi Hugues, vers la même année, se tourne vers son arrière-cousin Rodolphe II de Bourgogne transjurane. An English-backed Huguenot rebellion (1625–1628) defeated, France intervened directly (1635) in the wider European conflict following her ally (Protestant) Sweden's failure to build upon initial success. When Charles' son Philip inherited the duchy, Francis invaded Italy, capturing Turin, but failed to take Milan. Le Royaume de Provence Sous Les Carolingiens, 855 933? WorldCat Home About WorldCat Help. : You are free: to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work; to remix – to adapt the work; Under the following conditions: attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. Charles and Henry VIII of England then proceeded to invade northern France, seizing Boulogne and Soissons. Le royaume de Provence sous les Carolingiens (855-933?) In 1714, the war ended with the treaties of Utrecht and Rastadt. 26 OAI identifier: oai:persee:article/bec_0373-6237_1902_num_63_1_461438_t1_0707_0000_2 Primary sources. Between 1693 and 1694, France lost 6% of its population. With Milan itself threatened, Francis personally led a French army into Lombardy in 1525, only to be defeated and captured at the Battle of Pavia; imprisoned in Madrid, Francis was forced to agree to extensive concessions over his Italian territories in the "Treaty of Madrid" (1526). Vers 931, un accord entre les deux anciens compétiteurs pour la couronne d'Italie, Hugues d'Arles et le roi de Bourgogne transjurane Rodolphe II Welf († 937 ; petit-fils maternel du roi Boson et neveu de Louis l'Aveugle ; roi de Transjurane depuis 912, il régnait sur le sud de l'Alsace : Bâle et l'Ajoie-Montbéliard, l'Helvétie, mais aussi sur l'Outre-Saône, future Franche-Comté ou Comté de Bourgogne, et semble-t-il la Tarentaise, dont dépendait Aoste ; époux de Berthe de Souabe, il avait eu des prétentions sur le Brisgau et la Souabe — il en obtint, dans le sud alémanique, l'Argovie — et fut aussi roi d'Italie en 922-926 juste avant Hugues d'Arles), semble transférer les droits d'Hugues sur la Provence à Rodolphe, et cet accord aurait été confirmé en 933. Girls were schooled too, but not to assume political responsibility. (Classic Reprint): Poupardin, Rene: Amazon.sg: Books France had the largest population in Europe, with European Russia second at 20 million. Scores of Protestants fled France, costing the country a great many intellectuals, artisans, and other valuable people. The ensuing War of the Grand Alliance lasted from 1688–1697. Nevertheless, in 1790, only half of the population spoke or understood standard French. While often considered a tyrant and a warmonger (especially in England), Louis XIV was not in any way a despot in the 20th-century sense. Different social classes in France each had their own unique set of privileges so that no one class could completely dominate the others. On the whole, the 18th century saw growing discontent with the monarchy and the established order. Son « royaume de Provence », appelé aussi « royaume d’Arles ou de Vienne », s’étend depuis les rives du Doubs au nord (l'archevêque de Besançon était électeur à Mantaille) jusqu’aux rives de la Méditerranée au sud, et déborde sur l’Helvétie (l'évêque de Lausanne était à Mantaille, mais pas l'évêque de Genève) et l'Italie (la Provence était échue à l'Italie depuis 863, comme on l'a vu plus haut ; et Suse dépendait du diocèse de Maurienne alors qu'Aoste relevait de l'archidiocèse de Tarentaise). Collins (1991) argues that the Annales School paradigm underestimated the role of the market economy; failed to explain the nature of capital investment in the rural economy; and grossly exaggerated social stability.[15]. Join Facebook to connect with Royaume De Provence and others you may know. For example, putting another Habsburg on the throne would end up recreating the empire of Charles V, which would also grossly upset the power balance. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Louis had long waited for this moment, and now planned to put a Bourbon relative, Philip, Duke of Anjou, on the throne. Geographic mobility, directly tied to the market and the need for investment capital, was the main path to social mobility. to regiments, an arrangement which persisted into the next century. Language, theater, popular sayings, the position of the Church, and the writings of jurists all made stepmother a difficult identity to take up. The size of the army was also considerably increased. ), Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes, Frédéric Charles Jean Gingins de la Sarraz, Profitant de la crise de succession carolingienne, le, Sous sa couronne se trouvent réunis en théorie une partie de la Bourgogne (Chalon, Mâcon, Autun, Dijon et l', Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l'article intitulé «, « La persistance des souvenirs lotharingiens », dans, « Les projets d'érection des Pays-Bas en royaume du, Chaume (Abbé), « Le sentiment national bourguignon de Gondebaud à Charles le Téméraire », 1922, dans, « État bourguignon et Lotharingie », Académie royale de Belgique, dans. When Ferdinand I of Naples died in 1494, Charles invaded the peninsula. Save for Later. Cette négociation, dont l'existence est discutée[4], aurait écarté définitivement Charles-Constantin de Vienne de la succession de son père ; pour l'éviter, le fils de Louis l'Aveugle était conduit à faire appel au roi des Francs Raoul. Issu de la partition de la Bourgogne impériale lors du Traité de Prüm de 855 (elle-même issue de la division du Royaume de Bourgogne à la suite du traité de Verdun de 843), son territoire s'étendait du Lyonnais à la mer Méditerranée. In an effort to prevent the nobility from revolting and challenging his authority, Louis implemented an extremely elaborate system of court etiquette with the idea that learning it would occupy most of the nobles' time and they could not plan rebellion. Read Le Royaume de Provence Sous Les Carolingiens, 855 933? Other major French cities include Lyon, Rouen, Bordeaux, Toulouse, and Marseille. On 1792 September 21 the French monarchy was effectively abolished by the proclamation of the French First Republic. S'il reçoit le titre royal, Boson ne prend toutefois pas la qualité de roi de Bourgogne (cisjurane). Les quatre Bourgognes :- le duché de Bourgogne- le comté de Bourgogne- la Bourgogne transjurane- la Bourgogne cisjurane avec la Provence. Create lists, bibliographies and reviews: or Search WorldCat. Bibliographic Details. Provence, historical and cultural region encompassing the southeastern French départements of Bouches-du-Rhône, Vaucluse, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, and Var. [6], In 1500, Louis XII, having reached an agreement with Ferdinand II of Aragon to divide Naples, marched south from Milan. This corresponds to the so-called Ancien Régime ("old rule"). Just after the war ended, Louis died, having ruled France for 72 years. Bookseller Inventory # ABE-1518517836109. Le Royaume de Provence Sous les Carolingiens, 855 933? (In 1539, with the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts, Francis I of France made French alone the language for legal and juridical acts.) Auparavant, malgré l'intervention de Raoul de France († 936, ancien duc de Bourgogne, fils du Justicier, neveu du roi Boson, cousin germain de Louis l'Aveugle et de Rodolphe II) qui apparaît à Anse dès juin 932[5],[6], Charles-Constantin ne parvint à conserver que le gouvernement de Vienne et du Viennois (il devra se soumettre à son protecteur Raoul vers 931/932, puis à Conrad le Pacifique et Hugues le Noir en 943). Le royaume de Provence sous les Carolingiens (855-933?) (Classic Reprint) book reviews & author details and … With the country deeply in debt, Louis XVI permitted the radical reforms of Turgot and Malesherbes, but noble disaffection led to Turgot's dismissal and Malesherbes' resignation in 1776. The Black Death had killed an estimated one-third of the population of France from its appearance in 1348. À l'entrevue de Kirchen (mai 887, accompagné de sa mère Ermengarde), il bénéficie du soutien de Charles le Gros, qui l'aurait adopté. Here are our closest matches for mon gai royaume de provence by maurice constantin-weyer. By 1502, combined French and Aragonese forces had seized control of the Kingdom; disagreements about the terms of the partition led to a war between Louis and Ferdinand. During this period, France expanded to nearly its modern territorial extent through the acquisition of Picardy, Burgundy, Anjou, Maine, Provence, Brittany, Franche-Comté, French Flanders, Navarre, Roussillon, the Duchy of Lorraine, Alsace and Corsica. (French Edition) [Poupardin, René] on Amazon.com. Also, Louis willingly granted titles of nobility to those who had performed distinguished service to the state so that it did not become a closed caste and it was possible for commoners to rise through the social ranks. Le Royaume de Provence Sous les Carolingiens, 855 933? The administrative and legal system in France in this period is generally called the Ancien Régime. Carolyn C. Lougee, "'Noblesse', Domesticity, and Social Reform: The Education of Girls by Fenelon and Saint-Cyr", Sylvie Perrier, "Coresidence of Siblings, Half-siblings, and Step-siblings in 'Ancien Regime' France. Poupardin, René, 1874-1927. En effet, au cours d'une vingtaine d'années entre 928 (mort de Louis l'Aveugle) et 947 (mort d'Hugues d'Arles), une nouvelle dynastie, les Welfs, va peu à peu accéder au royaume cisjuran-provençal. The Holy League, left victorious, fell apart over the subject of dividing the spoils, and in 1513 Venice allied with France, agreeing to partition Lombardy between them.[7]. While less liberal than England during the same period, the French monarchy never approached the absolutism of the eastern rulers in Vienna, Berlin, St. Petersburg, and Constantinople in part because the country's traditional development as a decentralized, feudal society acted as a restraint on the power of the king. Traité de Verdun (843) : l'Empire carolingien est divisé entre les trois fils de Louis le Pieux : Charles II le Chauve (Francie occidentale, dont la Bourgogne franque), Lothaire Ier (Francie médiane, dont la Bourgogne impériale) et Louis II de Germanie (Francie orientale). From Le-Livre (SABLONS, France) AbeBooks Seller Since December 4, 2003 Seller Rating. A strong ruler like Louis XIV could enhance the position of the monarchy, while Louis XV weakened it. In the extremely harsh winter of 1709, France lost 3.5% of its population. Events such as the Frondes were a naïve, unrevolutionary discontent and the people did not challenge the right of the king to govern nor did they question the Church. La mort de Louis II le Bègue en avril 879, conduit à une nouvelle crise de succession. Afterwards, his general Marshal Villars managed to drive back the allied forces. La « mutilation » que le traité fait subir à la Bourgogne, donne naissance, à l’ouest de la Saône, à une Bourgogne franque rattachée à la Francie occidentale, et à l’est de cette même rivière, à une Bourgogne impériale, lot de l’empereur Lothaire, rattachée à la Francie médiane. France did not lose any territory, and there was no discussion of returning Flanders or Alsace to the Habsburgs. In the early part of the century French painters had to go to Rome to shed their provinciality (Nicolas Poussin, Claude Lorrain), but Simon Vouet brought home the taste for a classicized baroque that would characterise the French Baroque, epitomised in the Académie de peinture et de sculpture, in the painting of Charles Le Brun and the sculpture of François Girardon.